与霉菌毒素结合的特殊酵母细胞壁

与霉菌毒素结合的特殊酵母细胞壁

Special yeast cell wall for mycotoxin binding

龚发元(安琪酵母动物营养部高级工程师)

照片 安琪酵母

YeaMOS T具有酵母细胞壁吸附位点的优势，对毒素具有出色的吸附效果。在本文中，您将能够进一步了解这种霉菌毒素吸附剂。

YeaMOS Thas the advantages of adsorption sites in the yeast cell wall and possesses excellent adsorption effect in the toxins. In this article you will learn more about this mycotoxin binder.

霉菌在饲料和饲料原料中无处不在，霉菌毒素是其所产的次级代谢产物。目前，已知污染饲料的霉菌毒素约有100种，主要是青霉、曲霉和镰刀菌产生的各种霉菌毒素，其中对畜禽危害最大的是黄曲霉毒素、赭曲霉毒素、烟曲霉毒素、单端孢霉毒素和玉米赤霉烯酮。世界上至少有25％的谷物受到霉菌毒素的污染，对饲料工业、畜牧业和人类健康构成严重的危害。

如何消除霉菌毒素对家畜健康和生产性能的不利影响，减少成品中霉菌毒素及其代谢物的残留，确保人类的食品安全，许多研究人员对此进行了大量研究。

1  酵母细胞壁作为霉菌毒素吸附剂的应用

在饲料中添加霉菌毒素吸附剂是减少霉菌毒素危害、提高动物生产性能的有效手段。目前，霉菌毒素吸附剂的主要成分之一是酵母细胞壁。为什么酵母细胞壁具有这种功能呢？

那么，酵母细胞壁吸附霉菌毒素的机理是什么呢？研究表明，酵母细胞壁的网络结构主要由多糖组成，外层由参与细胞识别的重糖基化甘露蛋白构成，内层由β-1,6-和β-1,3-葡聚糖链与几丁质和甘露蛋白连接，形成纤维状网络结构。

酵母细胞壁吸附霉菌毒素至少有三种途径：

(1)物理结构和形态理论。酵母细胞壁厚度和含量越大，对霉菌毒素的解毒能力越强。相反，当人为破坏酵母细胞壁三维网络结构时，霉菌毒素的清除率急剧下降；

(2)化学成分理论。不溶性的β-1,3-葡聚糖通过形成复杂的支链结构为需要吸附ZEN提供了大量的结合位点，而可溶性β-1,6-葡聚糖则可以增强这种结合位点。β-1,3-葡聚糖和几丁质之间也有类似的协作功能，这两种物质作为酵母细胞壁的主要结构框架，可以为棒曲霉素分子的吸附提供许多网状物。

(3)结构与成分之间的相互作用。最近的研究发现，基因修饰技术可以调节酵母细胞壁的厚度、化学成分(如β-1,3-和β-1,6-葡聚糖、几丁质的比例以及网状结构的网络形成)，从而达到增强霉菌毒素吸附力的目的。

2  YeaMOS T——一种用于结合霉菌毒素的特殊酵母细胞壁

安琪酵母作为全球领先的酵母细胞壁生产和研究企业，近30年来一直致力于开发作为霉菌毒素吸附剂的酵母细胞壁产品。公司建立了一套快速高效的体外模拟评价系统，发现不同来源的酵母细胞壁产品在功能指标以及对玉米赤霉烯酮等霉菌毒素的吸附效率方面存在显著差异。

通过优选酵母为原料，采用先进的纯化技术、特殊的酶解技术以及酵母细胞壁的构建和活化技术，YeaMOS T生产高效广谱的产品。深入研究发现，YeaMos T 对霉菌毒素的吸附主要基于其空间结构和组成，主要包括吸附和降解，如表1所示。

同时，由于资源和深加工工艺的不同，YeaMOS T与一些非活性酵母产品的吸附能力也完全不同，如表2所示。总的来说，纯酵母细胞壁产品对霉菌毒素的吸附效果优于非活性酵母粉，而特殊酵母细胞壁(YeaMOS T)的吸附效果最好。

3  结论

YeaMOS T强化了酵母细胞壁吸附位点的优势，对霉菌毒素具有极佳的吸附效果。它可广泛应用于霉菌毒素粘合剂，提高饲料的安全性，有效保护动物健康，同时也适用于复合霉菌毒素粘合剂生产商。

Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites of moulds that are ubiquitous in feed and feed raw materials. At present, there are about 100 kinds of mycotoxins known to contaminate the feed, mainly a variety of mycotoxins produced by Penicillium,Aspergillusand Fusarium, of which the main hazards to livestock and poultry are aflatoxin, ochratoxin, fumigatus toxin, trichothecene mycotoxin and zearalenone. At least 25％of the world’s cereals are contaminated with mycotoxins, causing serious harm to the feed industry, animal husbandry and human health.

Many researchers have made a lot of research on how to eliminate the adverse effects of mycotoxins on the health and production performance of livestock, reduce the residue of mycotoxins and their metabolites in the final products, and ensure the food safety for humans.

Application of yeast cell wall as mycotoxin adsorbent

Adding mycotoxin adsorbent to feed is an effective means to reduce the harm of mycotoxins and improve the production performance of animals. At present, one of the main components of the mycotoxin adsorbent is the yeast cell wall. Why yeast cell wall has this kind of functions?

So, what is the mechanism of mycotoxin adsorption by yeast cell wall? Studies showed that the yeast cell wall network structure mainly consists of polysaccharides, with the outer layer made of heavily glycosylated mannoproteins involved in cell recognition and the inner layer made of β-1,6- and β-1,3-glucan chains linked with chitin and mannoproteins to give rise to the fibrous network structure.

There are at least three pathways of mycotoxin adsorption by yeast cell wall:
(1) Physical structure and morphology theory. The yeast cell wall with greater thickness and content has a greater mycotoxin detoxification ability. In contrast, the mycotoxin removal percentage dramatically decreased when the yeast cell wall three-dimensional network was artificially damaged;

(2) Chemical components theory. The insoluble β-1,3-glucans provides a large of binding sites by forming a complex branched architecture for ZEN adsorption, which could be enhanced by soluble β-1,6-glucans. A similar collaboration function is observed between β-1,3-glucans, and chitin, those two, as the main structural frame of the yeast cell wall, could provide many meshes for patulin molecule adsorption.

(3) Interaction between structure and components. The recent study revealed that genetic modification technology could regulate the yeast cell wall thickness, chemical composition (such as the ratio of β-1,3- and β-1,6-glucans, and chitin and network formation of reticular structures to achieve an mycotoxin adsorption enhancement.

YeaMOS T, a special yeast cell wall for mycotoxin binding

Angel yeast as the world’s leading yeast cell wall manufacturer and research company, has been developing yeast cell wall products as mycotoxin adsorbents for nearly 30 years. We have established a rapid and efficient in vitrosimulation evaluation system, and found that there were significant differences in functional indexes of yeast cell wall products from different sources, as well as the adsorption efficiency of mycotoxins such as zearalenone.

YeaMOS Tis an effective broad-spectrum product manufactured by optimum selection of yeast as raw material, adoption of advanced purification technology, special enzymolysis, as well as construction and activation of yeast cell wall. For deep research, we find that the adsorption of mycotoxins by YeaMos T is mainly based on the spatial structure and composition of it, which mainly includes adsorption and degradation as table 1shows.

Meanwhile, because of the differences of resources as well as deep-processes, the absorption capacity of YeaMOS T compared with some inactive yeast products are totally different as Table 2shows. Overall, the adsorption effect of pure yeast cell wall products on mycotoxin was better than that of inactive yeast powder, and the special yeast cell wall (YeaMOS T) is the best.

Conclusion

YeaMOS T, which has been strengthened the advantages of adsorption sites in the yeast cell wall and possesses excellent adsorption effect in the toxins. It can be widely used in mycotoxin binders to improve feed safety and effectively protect animal health, as well for the compound mycotoxin binder producers.