会员投稿
手机版
| 新书频道
Table of Contents
Table of Contents 1
Title Page 55
Copyright 57
List of Contributors 59
Editors’ Note 88
Acknowledgments 89
Section I: Veterinary Practice 90
Chapter 1: Evidence-based Practice of Swine Medicine 91
1.1 Introduction 91
1.2 Be the Pig’s Advocate 91
1.3 Introduction to EBM 91
1.4 Roles of Swine Veterinarians 98
1.5 Five Production Inputs Model 102
1.6 Understanding Pig Flow 104
1.7 Field Investigation and Case Management Process 105
1.8 Selecting Pigs from a Population for Diagnostic Testing
113
1.9 Prioritizing Diagnostics 113
1.10 Process to Arrive at a Definitive Diagnosis 114
1.11 Interventions 116
1.12 Reporting and Communication 116
Acknowledgments 117
References 117
Chapter 2: The Healthy Pig 119
2.1 Introduction 119
2.2 Physiological, Hematological, and Biochemical Parameters
120
2.3 Cytology Parameters 131
2.4 Ophthalmological Exam Parameters 135
2.5 Immune System 139
2.6 Digestive System 141
2.7 Reproductive System 146
2.8 Urinary System Parameters 150
2.9 Musculoskeletal 156
References 160
Chapter 3: Behavior and Welfare 166
3.1 Defining Animal Welfare and Animal Cruelty 166
3.2 On-farm Approaches to Swine Welfare 170
3.3 Maternal Behaviors 171
3.4 Invasive Procedures 175
3.5 Feeding and Drinking Behaviors 182
3.6 Oral and Locomotor Behaviors and Postures 185
3.7 Human and Animal Interactions 189
3.8 Aggression 191
3.9 Effect of Environmental Enrichment on Swine Health and Welfare
196
3.10 Disease: How It Influences Behavior 199
3.11 Precision Livestock Farming 201
3.12 Euthanasia 205
Acknowledgments 210
References 210
Chapter 4: Effect of Genetics on Health 232
4.1 Introduction 232
4.2 Prewean Piglets 232
4.3 Wean to Finish Pigs 236
4.4 Sow Retention 240
4.5 Genetic Technology 244
References 246
Chapter 5: Facilities and Environment 253
5.1 Introduction 253
5.2 Effect of Environment on Health 253
5.3 Disease Transmission: Ventilation 256
5.4 Disease Transmission: Manure 270
5.5 Transportation 276
5.6 Technology for Health Monitoring 279
References 281
Chapter 6: Effect of Nutrition on Health 286
6.1 Introduction and Nutrient Classification 286
6.2 Nutritional and Energy Requirements by Phase 288
6.3 Water Requirements 295
6.4 Roles of Macrominerals, Vitamins, and Trace Minerals
297
6.5 Alternative Feedstuffs 302
6.6 Feed and Water Evaluations 303
6.7 Feedstuff Processing 307
6.8 Garbage Feeding 311
6.9 Holding Diets 313
References 314
Chapter 7: Tools and Techniques of Practice 321
7.1 Introduction 321
7.2 Clinical Skills 322
7.3 Certified Swine Sample Collector Training Program 358
7.4 Conclusions 358
Acknowledgments 359
References 359
Chapter 8: Overview of the Diagnostic Process, Diagnostic Tests, and Interpretation
363
8.1 Introduction 363
8.2 Review of the Principles of the Diagnostic Process 363
8.3 Diagnostic Test Transition Stages 369
8.4 The Diagnostic Process 371
8.5 Disease Diagnosis Algorithm 374
8.6 Monitoring and Surveillance Algorithm 375
8.7 Regulatory Testing Algorithm 376
8.8 Diagnostic Tests 377
8.9 Histopathology 379
8.10 Bacteriology 379
8.11 Molecular Diagnostic Testing 383
8.12 Immunohistochemistry/In Situ Hybridization 391
8.13 Virus Isolation 393
8.14 Serology 393
8.15 Clinical Pathology 397
8.16 Parasite Identification 398
8.17 Toxicology/Chemistry Testing 398
8.18 Diagnostic Test Selection Recommendations 398
8.19 Sampling Recommendations 401
8.20 Interpretation of Results 402
References 409
Chapter 9: Infectious Disease Surveillance in Swine Populations
412
9.1 Introduction 412
9.2 Designing a Surveillance Program 414
9.3 Conclusions 440
References 440
Chapter 10: Biosecurity, Disease Control, and Elimination 460
10.1 Introduction 460
10.2 Pathogen Transmission 461
10.3 Defining Biosecurity and Foundational Concepts 462
10.4 Prevention 465
10.5 Elimination 474
References 480
Chapter 11: Anesthesia and Surgical Procedures in Swine 483
11.1 Anesthesia 483
11.2 Tranquilization and Sedation 488
11.3 Injectable Anesthetics 493
11.4 Reversal Agents 495
11.5 Inhalation Anesthetics 496
11.6 Local Anesthesia 499
11.7 Pain Management 503
11.8 Genitourinary Surgery 505
11.9 Uterus 518
11.10 Mastectomy 529
11.11 Abdominal Surgery 530
11.12 Visceral Torsion or Volvulus 536
11.13 Intestinal Obstruction 536
11.14 Gastric Ulcers 537
11.15 Atresia Ani and Rectal Stricture 537
11.16 Rectal Prolapse and Rectal Amputation 538
11.17 Musculoskeletal Surgery 540
11.18 Canine Tooth (Tusk) Removal and Resection 544
References 545
Chapter 12: Drug Pharmacology and Treatment Management 551
12.1 Introduction 551
12.2 Clinical Pharmacology in the Context of Managing a Treatment Program
12.3 Antimicrobial Stewardship and Limiting the Development of Resistance
551
553
12.4 Antimicrobial Selection 557
12.5 Key Considerations for Major Classes of Antimicrobial Drugs
560
12.6 Key Considerations for Major Pain Mitigation Drugs 573
12.7 Drug Selection for Specific Diseases 575
12.8 Establishing Treatment Regimens Considering Production Logistics and Regulatory Constraints
576
Acknowledgments 577
References 578
Chapter 13: Veterinarian, Consumer, and Public Health 581
13.1 Introduction 581
13.2 Foodborne Disease Risks Associated with Pork 581
13.3 Foodborne Zoonoses and Biological Hazards 586
13.4 Non-foodborne Zoonoses and Biological Hazards 594
13.5 Antimicrobial Resistance 603
13.6 Certification Programs 604
13.7 Diseases and Injuries at the Human–animal Interface 605
References 607
Section II: Body Systems 617
Chapter 14: Cardiovascular and Hematopoietic Systems 618
14.1 Introduction 618
14.2 Anatomy and Physiology 618
14.3 Cardiac Pathology 629
14.4 Vascular Pathology 643
14.5 Diseases of the Body Cavities 647
14.6 Diseases of the Hemopoietic System 648
References 655
Chapter 15: Digestive System 658
15.1 Introduction 658
15.2 Anatomy and Physiology 659
15.3 Immunology 664
15.4 Gut Microbiota 666
15.5 Dietary Interventions 668
15.6 Rehydration of Diarrheic Pigs 672
15.7 Clinical Assessment and Diagnostic Sampling 672
15.8 Regional Diseases and Pathology of the Digestive System
674
References 696
Chapter 16: Immune System 707
16.1 Introduction 707
16.2 Important Immune Tissues and Fluids—Primary and
Secondary Lymphoid Tissues, Epithelia, Blood, and Lymph
713
16.3 Innate Immune Mechanisms 725
16.4 Adaptive Immune Cells: T and B Cells 736
16.5 Neonatal Immunity and Effects of Weaning 742
16.6 Vaccination: Boosting Swine Immunity 748
Acknowledgments 759
References 759
Chapter 17: Integumentary System—Skin, Hoof, and Claw 769
17.1 Structure and Function of Skin 769
17.2 Feet, Hooves, and Claws 806
Acknowledgments 818
References 818
Chapter 18: Mammary System 824
18.1 Mammary Gland Anatomy 824
18.2 Mammogenesis 826
18.3 Mammary Gland Involution 829
18.4 Physiology of Milk Production 830
18.5 Control of Milk Production 841
18.6 Sow Behavior 848
18.7 Piglet Growth 849
18.8 Piglet Mortality 852
18.9 Immune Protection of the Piglet 853
18.10 Mastitis 856
18.11 Postpartum Dysgalactia Syndrome 857
18.12 Treatment of the Diseased Sow 866
References 868
Chapter 19: Nervous and Locomotor System 884
19.1 Introduction 884
19.2 Normal Structure and Function 884
19.3 Clinical Examination of the Locomotor Systems 887
19.4 Diagnostic Investigation 910
19.5 Neurological Conditions 915
19.6 Bone Disorders 924
19.7 Joint Disorders 935
19.8 Muscle Disorders 938
19.9 Congenital Conditions 943
19.10 Lameness in Sows and Boars 950
Acknowledgments 955
References 955
Chapter 20: Reproductive System 960
20.1 Introduction 960
20.2 Female Reproduction 960
20.3 Reproductive Problems in the Boar 972
20.4 Diagnosis of Abortion and Reproductive Diseases 977
References 986
Chapter 21: Respiratory System 990
21.1 Introduction 990
21.2 Normal Structure and Function 990
21.3 Respiratory Defenses 992
21.4 Factors That Impair or Overwhelm Respiratory Defenses
998
21.5 Respiratory Pathogens 1000
21.6 Interactions Between Infectious Agents 1002
21.7 Respiratory Pathology 1002
21.8 Diagnosis of Respiratory Disease 1008
21.9 Treatment of Respiratory Disease 1010
21.10 Control of Respiratory Disease 1010
21.11 Monitoring and Surveillance of Respiratory Disease 1015
References 1017
Chapter 22: Urinary System 1023
22.1 Anatomy 1023
22.2 Physiology 1024
22.3 Developmental Anomalies 1033
22.4 Circulatory Disturbances 1035
22.5 Glomerular Diseases 1037
22.6 Tubular Diseases 1043
22.7 Tubulointerstitial Diseases 1046
22.8 Neoplasia 1056
22.9 Miscellaneous Conditions 1061
22.10 Other Conditions 1065
References 1066
Section III: Viral Diseases 1075
Chapter 23: Overview of Viruses 1076
23.1 Characteristics of Viruses 1076
23.2 Virus Taxonomy 1080
23.3 Detection of Viruses 1088
23.4 Characterization of Viruses 1090
23.5 Swine Viruses 1093
References 1093
Chapter 24: African Swine Fever Virus 1095
24.1 Relevance 1095
24.2 Etiology 1099
24.3 Epidemiology 1102
24.4 Pathogenesis 1104
24.5 Clinical Signs 1106
24.6 Lesions 1109
24.7 Diagnosis 1112
24.8 Immunity 1115
24.9 Prevention and Control 1117
References 1120
Chapter 25: Astroviruses 1132
25.1 Relevance 1132
25.2 Etiology 1132
25.3 Public Health 1136
25.4 Epidemiology 1136
25.5 Pathogenesis, Clinical Signs, Lesions, and Immunity 1137
25.6 Diagnosis 1139
25.7 Prevention and Control 1139
References 1139
Chapter 26: Caliciviruses 1142
26.1 Overview 1142
26.2 Vesicular Exanthema of Swine Virus 1144
26.3 Porcine Caliciviruses (Noroviruses and Sapoviruses) 1148
26.4 Valoviruses 1158
References 1159
Chapter 27: Circoviruses 1165
27.1 Relevance 1165
27.2 Etiology 1166
27.3 Public Health 1172
27.4 Epidemiology 1173
27.5 Pathogenesis, Clinical Signs, Lesions, and Diagnosis 1175
27.6 Immunity 1197
27.7 Prevention and Control 1200
References 1202
Chapter 28: Coronaviruses 1216
28.1 Overview 1216
28.2 Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus and Porcine Respiratory Coronavirus
1222
28.3 Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus 1239
28.4 Porcine Deltacoronavirus 1247
28.5 Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis Virus (Vomiting and Wasting Disease)
1251
28.6 Swine Acute Diarrhea Syndrome Coronavirus 1254
References 1257
Chapter 29: Filoviruses 1273
29.1 Relevance 1273
29.2 Etiology 1273
29.3 Public Health 1277
29.4 Reston Virus 1278
29.5 Ebola Virus 1281
Acknowledgments 1286
References 1286
Chapter 30: Japanese Encephalitis Virus and Other Orthoflaviviruses
1289
30.1 Overview 1289
30.2 Japanese Encephalitis Virus 1291
30.3 Other Orthoflaviviruses 1310
References 1317
Chapter 31: Herpesviruses 1332
31.1 Overview 1332
31.2 Suid Alphaherpesvirus 1 (Aujeszky’s Disease Virus; Pseudorabies Virus)
1339
31.3 Porcine Cytomegalovirus 1367
31.4 Porcine Lymphotropic Herpesviruses 1377
31.5 Ovine Gammaherpesvirus 2 Causing Porcine Malignant Catarrhal Fever
1387
Acknowledgments 1394
References 1394
Chapter 32: Influenza Viruses 1410
32.1 Relevance 1410
32.2 Etiology 1411
32.3 Public Health 1414
32.4 Epidemiology 1418
32.5 Pathogenesis 1426
32.6 Clinical Signs 1429
32.7 Lesions 1430
32.8 Diagnosis 1432
32.9 Immunity 1435
32.10 Prevention and Control 1437
Acknowledgments 1442
References 1442
Chapter 33: Paramyxoviruses 1460
33.1 Overview 1460
33.2 La Piedad-Michoacan Virus (Blue Eye Paramyxovirus)
1461
33.3 Menangle Virus 1474
33.4 Nipah Virus 1483
33.5 Porcine Parainfluenza Virus 1 1494
References 1499
Chapter 34: Parvoviruses 1507
34.1 Relevance 1507
34.2 Etiology 1507
34.3 Public Health 1511
34.4 Epidemiology 1511
34.5 Pathogenesis 1511
34.6 Clinical Signs 1514
34.7 Lesions 1515
34.8 Diagnosis 1519
34.9 Immunity 1521
34.10 Prevention and Control 1522
34.11 Other Parvoviruses 1523
References 1524
Chapter 35: Pestiviruses 1529
35.1 Overview 1529
35.2 Classical Swine Fever Virus 1533
35.3 Bungowannah Virus 1555
35.4 Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus and Border Disease Virus
1563
35.5 Atypical Porcine Pestivirus 1570
References 1575
Chapter 36: Picornaviruses 1591
36.1 Overview 1591
36.2 Foot-and-mouth Disease Virus 1599
36.3 Swine Vesicular Disease Virus 1622
36.4 Encephalomyocarditis Virus 1634
36.5 Porcine Teschovirus 1643
36.6 Seneca Valley Virus 1651
36.7 Porcine Kobuvirus 1657
36.8 Porcine Sapelovirus 1657
36.9 Enterovirus G (Formerly Classified as Porcine Enteroviruses)
1658
36.10 Swine Pasiviruses 1659
36.11 Porcine Tottorivirus 1659
36.12 Other Picornaviruses Detected in Pigs 1659
References 1659
Chapter 37: Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (Porcine Arteriviruses)
1682
37.1 Relevance 1682
37.2 Etiology 1682
37.3 Public Health 1688
37.4 Epidemiology 1688
37.5 Pathogenesis 1693
37.6 Clinical Signs 1701
37.7 Lesions 1704
37.8 Diagnosis 1707
37.9 Immunity 1717
37.10 Prevention and Control 1722
References 1730
Chapter 38: Rotaviruses and Reoviruses 1755
38.1 Overview 1755
38.2 Porcine Rotaviruses 1755
38.3 Porcine Reoviruses 1772
References 1776
Chapter 39: Rhabdoviruses 1787
39.1 Overview 1787
39.2 Vesicular Stomatitis Virus 1789
39.3 Rabies Virus 1799
References 1806
Chapter 40: Swinepox Virus 1812
40.1 Relevance 1812
40.2 Etiology 1812
40.3 Public Health 1815
40.4 Epidemiology 1815
40.5 Pathogenesis 1816
40.6 Clinical Signs 1817
40.7 Microscopic Lesions 1821
40.8 Diagnosis 1823
40.9 Immunity 1824
40.10 Prevention and Control 1824
References 1825
Chapter 41: Miscellaneous Viral Infections 1829
41.1 Adenoviruses 1829
41.2 Anelloviruses 1834
41.3 Bunyaviruses 1838
41.4 Hepatitis E Virus 1842
41.5 Retroviruses 1846
41.6 Togaviruses 1854
41.7 Porcine Torovirus 1858
References 1861
Section IV: Bacterial Diseases 1877
Chapter 42: Overview of Bacteria and Microbiota 1878
42.1 Introduction 1878
42.2 Traditional Diagnostic Bacteriology 1878
42.3 Assessment and Exploration of the Bacterial Microbiota
1887
References 1889
Chapter 43: Actinobacillus spp. 1891
43.1 Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae 1891
43.2 Actinobacillus suis 1929
43.3 Other Actinobacillus Species 1932
References 1933
Chapter 44: Bordetella 1945
44.1 Relevance 1945
44.2 Etiology 1945
44.3 Public Health 1947
44.4 Epidemiology 1947
44.5 Pathogenesis 1949
44.6 Clinical Signs 1954
44.7 Lesions 1954
44.8 Diagnosis 1958
44.9 Immunity 1959
44.10 Prevention and Control 1961
References 1964
Chapter 45: Brachyspira spp. 1972
45.1 Overview 1972
45.2 Swine Dysentery 1978
45.3 Brachyspiral Colitis 2005
References 2016
Chapter 46: Brucella 2030
46.1 Relevance 2030
46.2 Etiology 2031
46.3 Epidemiology 2036
46.4 Public Health 2037
46.5 Pathogenesis 2038
46.6 Clinical Signs 2040
46.7 Lesions 2040
46.8 Diagnosis 2041
46.9 Immunity 2044
46.10 Prevention and Control 2046
References 2047
Chapter 47: Clostridia 2054
47.1 Introduction 2054
47.2 Enteric Infections 2054
47.3 Histotoxic Infections 2073
47.4 Neurotoxigenic Clostridia 2080
References 2087
Chapter 48: Erysipelothrix spp. 2095
48.1 Relevance 2095
48.2 Etiology 2095
48.3 Public Health 2099
48.4 Epidemiology 2100
48.5 Pathogenesis 2101
48.6 Clinical Signs 2103
48.7 Lesions 2104
48.8 Diagnosis 2111
48.9 Immunity 2114
48.10 Prevention and Control 2115
References 2116
Chapter 49: Escherichia 2123
49.1 Relevance 2123
49.2 Etiology 2123
49.3 Public Health 2129
49.4 Epidemiology 2130
49.5 Enteric Colibacillosis and Edema Disease 2135
49.6 E. coli Causing Fatal Shock 2160
49.7 Systemic E. coli Infections 2160
49.8 Coliform mastitis 2162
49.9 Nonspecific Urinary Tract Infection 2165
References 2167
Chapter 50: Glaesserella 2176
50.1 Relevance 2176
50.2 Etiology 2176
50.3 Epidemiology 2180
50.4 Pathogenesis 2181
50.5 Clinical Signs 2185
50.6 Lesions 2185
50.7 Diagnosis 2187
50.8 Immunity 2189
50.9 Prevention and Control 2192
References 2194
Chapter 51: Lawsonia 2202
51.1 Relevance 2202
51.2 Etiology 2203
51.3 Public Health 2205
51.4 Epidemiology 2205
51.5 Pathogenesis 2208
51.6 Clinical Signs 2213
51.7 Lesions 2214
51.8 Diagnosis 2218
51.9 Immunity 2221
51.10 Prevention and Control 2222
References 2225
Chapter 52: Leptospira 2236
52.1 Relevance 2236
52.2 Etiology 2236
52.3 Public Health 2240
52.4 Epidemiology 2240
52.5 Pathogenesis 2245
52.6 Clinical Signs 2247
52.7 Lesions 2249
52.8 Diagnosis 2253
52.9 Prevention and Control 2255
References 2257
Chapter 53: Mycoplasmataceae 2264
53.1 Overview 2264
53.2 Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae 2265
53.3 Mycoplasma hyorhinis 2285
53.4 Mycoplasma hyosynoviae 2292
53.5 Mycoplasma (Eperythrozoon) suis 2296
53.6 Other Mycoplasma spp. in Swine 2301
References 2302
Chapter 54: Pasteurella 2318
54.1 Relevance 2318
54.2 Etiology 2318
54.3 Public Health 2320
54.4 Epidemiology 2320
54.5 Pathogenesis 2321
54.6 Clinical Signs 2324
54.7 Lesions 2326
54.8 Diagnosis 2330
54.9 Immunity 2332
54.10 Prevention and Control 2333
References 2336
Chapter 55: Salmonella 2342
55.1 Relevance 2342
55.2 Etiology 2342
55.3 Public Health 2344
55.4 Epidemiology 2345
55.5 Pathogenesis 2346
55.6 Clinical Signs and Lesions 2348
55.7 Diagnosis 2352
55.8 Prevention and Control 2354
References 2355
Chapter 56: Staphylococcus spp. 2360
56.1 Relevance 2360
56.2 Staphylococcus hyicus—Exudative Epidermitis 2360
56.3 Staphylococcus aureus 2370
References 2374
Chapter 57: Streptococcus spp. 2380
57.1 Relevance 2380
57.2 Streptococcus suis 2380
57.3 Infections Caused by Beta-hemolytic Streptococci 2412
References 2419
Chapter 58: Miscellaneous Bacterial Infections 2432
58.1 Actinobaculum suis 2432
58.2 Bacillus anthracis – Anthrax 2434
58.3 Burkholderia pseudomallei – Melioidosis 2439
58.4 Campylobacter spp. 2441
58.5 Chlamydia spp. 2446
58.6 Enterococcus spp. 2452
58.7 Klebsiella pneumoniae 2455
58.8 Listeria monocytogenes 2458
58.9 Mycobacterium spp. 2461
58.10 Rhodococcus equi 2476
58.11 Treponema pedis – Cutaneous Spirochetosis 2478
58.12 Trueperella abortisuis 2481
58.13 Trueperella pyogenes 2482
58.14 Yersinia spp. 2485
References 2489
Section V: Parasitic Diseases 2506
Chapter 59: External Parasites 2507
59.1 Relevance 2507
59.2 Sarcoptic Mange 2507
59.3 Demodectic Mange 2518
59.4 Pediculosis (Louse Infestation) 2519
59.5 Fleas 2521
59.6 Mosquitoes 2523
59.7 Flies 2524
59.8 Ticks 2528
References 2529
Chapter 60: Coccidia and Other Protozoa 2532
60.1 Coccidia (Cystoisospora suis and Eimeria spp.) 2532
60.2 Toxoplasmosis (T. gondii) 2549
60.3 Sarcocystis 2558
60.4 Cryptosporidium 2559
60.5 Other Protozoa of Minor Importance or Potentially Transmissible to Humans
2563
Acknowledgments 2566
References 2567
Chapter 61: Internal Parasites: Helminths 2571
61.1 Relevance 2571
61.2 Digestive System 2577
61.3 Respiratory System 2594
61.4 Liver and Pancreas 2596
61.5 Urinary System 2598
61.6 Musculoskeletal System 2599
61.7 Control of Helminth Parasites 2601
References 2605
Section VI: Non-Infectious Diseases 2607
Chapter 62: Nutrient Deficiencies and Excesses 2608
62.1 Introduction 2608
62.2 Investigation of Nutrient Deficiencies or Excesses 2614
62.3 Common Clinical Nutrient Concerns 2633
References 2652
Chapter 63: Mycotoxins in Grains and Feeds 2659
63.1 Relevance 2659
63.2 Mycotoxin Formation 2660
63.3 Intoxication by Mycotoxins 2663
63.4 Clinical Mycotoxicoses 2664
63.5 Mycotoxin Testing in Grains and Feed 2669
63.6 Mycotoxin Testing in Fluids and Tissues 2675
63.7 Aflatoxins 2675
63.8 Ochratoxin and Citrinin 2680
63.9 Phytoestrogens 2681
63.10 Trichothecenes 2685
63.11 Zearalenone 2693
63.12 Ergot 2696
63.13 Fumonisins 2698
63.14 Prevention and Management of Mold and Mycotoxin Problems
2701
References 2703
Chapter 64: Toxic Minerals, Chemicals, Plants, and Gases 2712
64.1 Relevance 2712
64.2 Essential Minerals 2718
64.3 Nonessential Minerals 2722
64.4 Pesticides 2731
64.5 Fungicides 2736
64.6 Herbicides 2737
64.7 Rodenticides 2738
64.8 Toxic Plants 2742
64.9 Water Quality 2745
64.10 Disinfectants 2753
64.11 Ventilation Failure and Consequences 2754
References 2760
Index 2765
End User License Agreement 2919
感谢您的支持，我会继续努力的!
打开支付宝扫一扫，即可进行扫码打赏哦
